Editorial policy

Our judgments start with the reader's buying decision. We explain strengths, limitations, suitable readers and reasons to skip a product. Affiliate commissions do not determine verdicts or recommendation order.

Evidence and uncertainty

We distinguish checked facts, attributed opinions and unknowns. We prioritize primary evidence for product identity and specifications, and identify manufacturer claims as claims. Prices and availability are dated observations for a particular merchant and variant, rather than promises. We check market observations for freshness before publication and review material changes. A Japanese brand is not proof that a product is made in Japan.

Research and testing

Research-based assessments use identified sources. Hands-on claims require documented actual use. AI assists research and writing; it is not a primary source. Research, editorial review, verdict approval and publication approval are separate steps.

Verdicts require an independent review separate from the research and draft work. Editorial approval does not by itself approve publication.

Images and corrections

We use product images only when their rights and permitted use have been checked. A text placeholder is preferable to an unauthorized image. Material corrections require updated evidence and review before a revised judgment is published.